Fundamentals of the architecture and operation of modern computers. Computer arithmetic: binary, hexadecimal and decimal number conversions, binary number arithmetic and IEEE binary floating point number standard. Basic computer logic: gates, combinational circuits, sequential circuits, adders, ALU, SRAM and DRAM. Basic assembly language programming, basic Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), and the design of single cycle CPU. The MIPS based computers are used as example architecture, and alternative architectures are also discussed.